抽动综合症和甲基苯丙胺

快捷方式: 差异，相似，杰卡德相似系数，参考。

抽动综合症和甲基苯丙胺之间的区别

抽动综合症 vs. 甲基苯丙胺

抽動綜合症（又稱不隨意動作，英文名稱為：Tics）是一種突發性、重複無規律的發出聲音或肌肉抽動Leckman JF, Bloch MH, King RA, Scahill L. "Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders". 基苯丙胺或甲基安非他命（英語：Methamphetamine，全名是)）是強效的中樞神經系統刺激劑，主要被用於娛樂用途，較少被用於治療注意力不足過動症和肥胖症，即便有也被當成第二線療法。甲基苯丙胺是在1893年發現，有二種对映异构：分別是左旋甲基苯丙胺（levo-methamphetamine）及右旋甲基苯丙胺（dextro-methamphetamine）。「甲基苯丙胺」一般是指左旋甲基苯丙胺及右旋甲基苯丙胺各佔一半的外消旋混合物。甲基安非他命較少被醫師處方，因為可能會，以及有用作春藥和欣快感促進劑等風險。而且已有療效相同，而對人體危害風險更低的替代藥物。 在美國能直接在市面上購買主成分為左旋甲基苯丙胺的吸入型因為它被視為非处方药。 甲基苯丙胺常因為它們的藥效動力學屬性而被非法交易，用於娛樂用途。非法使用甲基苯丙胺在亚洲部分地区、大洋洲和美国最为普遍。在美国，消旋以及左旋、右旋甲基苯丙胺均为。 Levomethamphetamine is available as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug for use as an inhaled in the United States. Internationally, the production, distribution, sale, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or banned in many countries, due to its placement in schedule II of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances treaty. While dextromethamphetamine is a more potent drug, racemic methamphetamine is sometimes illicitly produced due to the relative ease of and limited availability of chemical precursors. In low doses, methamphetamine can elevate mood, increase alertness, concentration and energy in fatigued individuals, reduce appetite, and promote weight loss. At higher doses, it can induce, breakdown of skeletal muscle, and bleeding in the brain. Chronic high-dose use can precipitate unpredictable and rapid s, (e.g., paranoia, hallucinations, delirium, and delusions) and violent behavior. Recreationally, methamphetamine's ability to has been reported to lift mood and increase sexual desire to such an extent that users are able to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days. Methamphetamine is known to possess a high addiction liability (i.e., a high likelihood that long-term or high dose use will lead to compulsive drug use) and high dependence liability (i.e. a high likelihood that withdrawal symptoms will occur when methamphetamine use ceases). Heavy recreational use of methamphetamine may lead to a, which can persist for months beyond the typical withdrawal period. Unlike amphetamine, methamphetamine is to human midbrain neurons. It has also been shown to damage serotonin neurons in the CNS. This damage includes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in grey matter volume in several brain regions and adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity. Methamphetamine belongs to the and. It is related to the other s as a positional isomer of these compounds, which share the common chemical formula:.

妥瑞症

妥瑞症（英語：Tourette Syndrome、TS），又稱抽动症、托雷氏症、杜雷氏症，是一种抽动综合症(Tics)。這是一種遺傳性的神經內科疾病，通常發生於學齡前至青春期前。有一部份的患者會在青春期後大幅減輕症狀。 妥瑞氏症的症狀包含了聲音型和運動型抽動綜合症，會不受自主控制地發出清喉嚨的聲音或聳肩、搖頭晃腦等。患者本身並非故意或習慣性做出這些動作，其症狀乃肇因於腦內多巴胺不平衡。治療方式一般採取抗精神病藥抑制症狀，或行為治療等。症狀通常時好時壞，與患者所處環境造成的心理壓力有一定的相關性，家庭、學校與社會對此疾病的不認識或多或少會加深正常人與妥瑞症患者間的誤解，進而誘發更強烈的症狀。常見的誤解例如：把妥瑞氏症患者當成調皮搗蛋的壞習慣，進而要求患者以接受體罰等方式刻意矯正其抽動症狀。 抽動症在單一妥瑞氏症患者身上亦非一成不變，聲音型抽動症患者有可能轉變或合併成為運動型抽動症。 通常，妥瑞症不會以單一抽動症狀出現，常伴隨強迫症、穢語症、注意力缺失與過動症等。其確診亦不能以單一抽動症狀的發生而斷言之。另外，妥瑞氏症常被誤診為氣喘、眼睛過敏或呼吸道綜合症等，在(被)診斷時需格外留意。.

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